The National History Teacher of the Year Award & Normalizing Antiracism in History Classrooms

It was a great honor to be presented with the Gilder Lehrman National History Teaching of the Year award in New York City this past week. I hope that this award serves to validate and normalize an antiracist approach to U.S. history class.

Award reception in New York, along with Dr. James Basker, President of the Gilder Lehrman Institute, Deborah Roberts of ABC, and members of the Gilder Lehrman Student Advisory Council.



We must stare into the past without flinching.  We must recognize the power of the tools that this country's founding values provide; while also acknowledging the ways we have failed to live up to them. Our job is to support our students as they discover and strengthen their voices and prepare them to show up to all the places where decisions are made. When they engage, informed, and empowered, our country will be better for it. 

An antiracist history class empowers students by disrupting assumptions about what is possible. The approach should no longer be seen as controversial. It is supported by historians and leaders in history education because it is based on the biological and historical fact that while race is not real, racism has polluted the development of every major institution in American life.  That America's beautiful founding ideals were shackled to belief in racial mythology, is, as Dr. Barbara Fields puts it,  “America’s tragic flaw”. 

Students come into US history class, already with a lot of knowledge and experience about our current society.  They see whose culture, whose values, whose beauty standards, whose liberty, and whose lives seem to matter most. If we imply that all of this is a natural outcome of market forces in a perfectly free society, we insult them.  We insult their families, their cultures, and their humanity. And when we lie to them, they know it. So they protect themselves, and naturally, walls go up. 

However, when we empower students to become historical investigators, by broadening access to a wider pool of primary sources, we have a chance for a much greater outcome. 

I was honored to work with curators at the Grand Rapids Public Museum to create a series of lessons about Jim Crow in our own midwestern city. Local history is that much more relevant and powerful. I wish everyone could experience the power of a true a-ha moment in an antiracist US history class. Yes, there's anger, that's healthy processing, but there's relief and validation with the understanding that things didn’t have to be this way. When a student discovers the proof that it's not their neighborhood's fault, it's not for lack of creativity or passion, hard work or brilliance that their neighborhood lacks the resources of the neighborhood across the highway, or even across the street. This was planned. And the people of their neighborhood were not asked to be a part of that planning. 

This leads to the necessary question, What if? What if voters in our city had actually dedicated themselves to the 14th Amendment as they had promised? What could our city and our nation have looked like today? Through this activity, we can begin to imagine the possibilities of what we want the future of our communities to look like.  History class is the place where we can empower students by inviting them to participate in Langston Hugh’s powerful and determined vision:

O, let America be America again—

The land that never has been yet—

And yet must be—the land where every man is free.

An Empowering Summer: Teaching Black History, Honors, SAQ tips, and new Resources

I’ve rarely felt this excited to start a new school year. Despite headlines, I have experienced more enthusiasm about teaching truthful American History than I have ever seen before! Those that grab media attention by trying to stop the empowering work of teaching and learning about Black History do so in vain. They are a fledgling minority in the world of education and after this summer, I have new hope and drive to continue this work.

This summer, I attended the single greatest educational conference that has ever existed. It started with a moving sing along of “Lift Every Voice and Sing” followed immediately by a second sing along to Juvenile’s “Back that Azz Up.” Dr. LeGarrett King’s Teaching Black History Conference in Buffalo, NY is a can’t miss event. The conference was full of brilliant ideas from inspiring educators on how to center Black history, Black joy, and the power of using hip hop in your curriculum. One of the many standout sessions I attended was hosted by Philadelphia educator, Abigail Henry. Ms. Henry’s session was about a lesson she had created about policing policy through the story of rapper Meek Mill. Students will love this lesson. It ends with a thoughtful and powerful discussion weighing the pros and cons of different ideas for police reform. I plan on using it after period 9 wraps up in the spring. It is worth it to check out other resources from Henry! She was gracious enough to share the Meek Mill lesson for free. Henry also wrote a great summary of the conference which celebrated Hip Hop’s 50th Anniversary. I highly recommend checking out the conference next summer.  (There is a virtual attendance option as well!)

This summer, I also attended a College Board APSI for my new venture into AP African American Studies. My school was granted a slot for pilot “round 2” before the course is fully launched next fall. There is so much energy and excitement surrounding this launch. I was able to speak with a few educators who were a part of the initial launch last year. These are among the most passionate and creative people that I have been able to interact with in our profession. I know there has been much debate surrounding this course, but I think this is an absolutely fantastic class and I can’t wait to dive in. I encourage everyone to start building enthusiasm for the course in your building! It will be open and available to all schools next year and there will be tons of curriculum ready for you to get started. Throughout the course of this year, I will be working on updating a few Antiracist APUSH lessons and making a second version of them that will fit the standards required for AP African American Studies course. 

Also this summer, I was honored to be named Michigan's “History Teacher of the Year” by the Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. This recognition is very meaningful as it comes from the leaders in our field. Surely, there is a lot of criticism for educators who teach the truth about systematic racism. However, this honor showed me that we can take heart when facing a skeptical school board or administration. The work we are doing in teaching truth and critically examining College Board curriculum and APUSH textbooks is on the side of authentic history and we have full backing of actual historians that cheer on our important work. Why do we teach the lessons that we do? Because we are HISTORY teachers so we teach history! 

Finally, (Here come the resources) I also had another great experience at the College Board reading again this summer. I was on SAQ duty and was reminded once again that the SAQ is a skill that needs to be taught just like we scaffold the other essays. My biggest advice after reading thousands of SAQs in June:

  1. Have students repeat the prompt. It sounds so simple and too formulaic but after 8+ days of reading, I experienced again and again that this practice grounded students and helped frame their chosen evidence in a way that was more likely to earn the point.

  2. Practice identifying secondary source claims more than you think! Sometimes, I move past this too quickly to focus on more difficult skills but students really struggled with this simple concept. I will be adding more secondary source reading to my course this year and I’ll upload it to Antiracist APUSH. Here is a new one with an SAQ that I made after this year's read (5.10, Reconstruction, Secondary Source from Lerone Bennett Jr.)

More Important Than Your AP Score Average: Does your classroom look like the hallways?

This year, my AP exam average was lower than it has been in previous years. I also consider this my most successful year yet. Let me explain why.

The AP score report presents a dangerous temptation. Early in my career, I fell for it. I boiled down everything I did for a year into an average score and a passing rate. I’m very competitive and I put a lot of energy into strategizing for those numbers to increase. I have a more important goal now: to make the benefits of AP credit accessible to more people in my community.  

As educators committed to antiracism and closing opportunity gaps in American education, we must be wary of our approach to viewing our AP test score reports. The College Board provides us with data that allows us to compare our students' performance to state and national scores, but they fail to break down national scores by race. This omission is problematic. 

Your score report does not explain that while 47% of high school students in the US are White and 15% are Black, White students are overrepresented in the group of students who take an AP exam, whereas Black students are significantly underrepresented in the group (at only 7.8%). Additionally and also not printed on your score report, 59% of White students passed the APUSH exam in 2022 with a score of 3 or higher, compared to only 34% of Black students who took the APUSH exam. 

There are roughly three times as many White students than there are Black students in the United States; however, there are 15 times more White students who passed the AP US History exam. If our society dolls out privilege by “color blind” AP US History statistics, racial inequality and the gap in the access to higher education would increase. The raw data would lead many in our society to conclude that White students have “earned” a disproportionate amount (15 times more) of the scholarships, college credit, and access to prestigious institutions than their Black peers. 

We, as AP US History teachers, fully understand when researchers explain that this gap in standardized test achievement is rooted in generations of exclusionary policies in housing, education, and economics. Ignoring race and the historical context of America when interpreting AP test scores reinforces and even legitimized racial disparities.

By solely focusing on APUSH scores without considering race, we not only fail to disrupt racial inequalities, taking a naive color blind approach to AP US History test results will exacerbate our nation’s opportunity gap. There is a history of using “color blind” standardized test data to preserve and justify Jim Crown. For example, Southern universities who were trying to preserve segregation only began to rely on SAT scores after Brown v. Board as a way to justify white supremacy in their institutions. If you haven’t read Dr. Leonard Moore’s fantastic book about teaching Black studies, check it out! He includes a description of this practice at the University of Texas in the 1960s. 

True Metrics of Success that are Not Found in Your Score Reports: Does Your AP Classroom Look Like Your Hallways?

The most valuable piece of advice I received about being an AP teacher came from Nate Bowling, a former Washington Teacher of the Year and AP Government legend, he said, “ if our main focus is on our AP score average, we will perpetuate racial inequity.” Instead, our main goal should be to ensure that our AP classrooms reflect the racial diversity of our schools. Prioritizing average scores can lead to subtle biased decision-making during enrollment, recruitment, and AP test registration, which will ultimately hinder efforts to disrupt racial inequity.

Imagine if the College Board provided data on the percentage of Black and Brown students in your school who enrolled in and passed AP History classes. At East Kentwood High School, the 7th most diverse district in the US, we have taken up Nate Bowling's challenge. We have removed barriers to AP History courses, implemented an inclusive invitation plan and have also worked hard to ensure cultural relevance in our courses. We advertise the benefits of AP to our entire community, specifically seeking out students who would be the first in their family to take an AP course. It has taken a few years, but our AP History classes now reflect our community's diversity. Not only have we seen a 300% increase in Black enrollment in AP History courses, but the scores of Black students in our community have surpassed national averages.

While I continue to use and analyze AP score reports to improve and better serve my students, measuring success as antiracist teachers must extend far beyond AP score averages.

Do you track this data at your school? Why or why not? I would love to hear your thoughts.                                       

Partnership with the Immigrant History Initiative

I am very excited to announce a partnership between Antiracist APUSH and the Immigrant History Initiative.  

The Immigrant History Initiative was founded by Julia Chang Wang and Kathy Lu, two Yale Law School graduates. As children of immigrants, they grew up knowing next to nothing about their own heritage in the United States. The recent resurgence of overt political xenophobia prompted them to think deeply about the importance of immigration in shaping our nation. They started their program to celebrate and highlight the centrality of immigrant experiences to the American identity. They created a curriculum designed for an after-school enrichment program for high school students. Their specific legal expertise led to the compilation of some very exciting materials that our APUSH students could really benefit from. 

Antiracist APUSH will adopt some of their content to fit with the target skills and key objectives of the College Board’s AP Curriculum.  Lessons for Periods 6 through 8 will be available in January, 2021. 

Closing the Opportunity Gap in AP History

The opportunity gap for white and black students in AP classes is shrinking, but it still exists.  12.7% of Americans are black, yet less than 9% of students who take AP exams are black. I love teaching AP history, I believe it offers an excellent educational opportunity to students. However, until black students make up at least 12.7% of test takes, the AP program, and AP teachers are perpetuating the widening of America’s opportunity gap.  I had the opportunity to hear Nate Bowling, an expert AP Government teacher speak on this issue. Simply put, “if our classrooms don’t look like our hallways, we are perpetuating racial inequality.” We must stop limiting access to our AP classes and we must explicitly invite students of color to register for AP classes. Nate Bowling also says that if our main focus is on our AP score average, we are perpetuating racial inequity.  It is far better for our community to have 100 students exposed to AP rigor and only have a passing rate of 30%, than having a passing rate of 100% for a class size of 30.  Once we have invited all students to participate in AP, we must then ensure a safe, welcoming, relevant class for all students.

At East Kentwood, our AP opportunity gap is shrinking. These are the strategies that are working :

STEPS TO SHRINK THE AP OPPORTUNITY GAP

1. Explicitly invite students of color to enroll IN AP COURSEs

2. Remove prerequisites for AP History

3. Inform students early about AP opportunities & benefits

4. Eliminate summer work 

5. Create a welcoming environment*

*This means creating a safe place for class discussions that elevates the opinions of students of color and also prioritizing the use of class content that is welcoming to all students: If your course content is based on the latest research of actual historians, your class will be on the right track to pursuing antiracist history. 

Also, a test every history teacher should conduct in their classroom: If there are more images of human-traffickers on the wall than there are images of people of color, the classroom is not welcoming.

Our APUSH invitation table at Open House